Abstract Abstract
Research subject: The pure Goethite nanoparticles were synthesized successfully with solution oxidation method and by using raw materials Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Research approach: In this study, the simulation of experiment was implemented by Minitab software, with complete factorial method, at 40°C, the variation of two parameters including the flow rate of entered gas in the solution reaction (Q) and mass percent ratio of raw materials (R) (mass percent of iron (II) sulphate to mass percent of sodium hydroxide), in two levels (Q=2 and 13.3 Lit/min) and (R=1 and 3) were evaluated. The qualitative analysis of results was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), synthesis of Goethite phase (α-FeOOH) confirmed Iron oxyhydroxide and the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), illustrated that the synthesized Goethite has high purity percentage (≥99.8%). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for Goethite reported a bar-shaped crystal structure, with an average particle Cluster size between (23-43nm), based on R and Q and by analyzing the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) results, it was seen that the reaction time of Goethite formation is between 635-2210s.
Main results: The statistical analysis of results with Minitab software can create Correlation relations for Goethite, between two parameters(Q and R) and two response (reaction time(t) and average particle Cluster size(d)) at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C. regarding the relations, it was seen that at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C, with an increase in air flow rate(Q) and decrease of the mass percent ratio of raw materials(R), the reaction time and average particles Cluster size of Goethite decrease generally and vice versatile. Also, the percentage change (R) has a higher impact on average particles Cluster size and reaction time than changes (Q).

Abstract Abstract
Research subject: In this research, the synthesis method of phenol-formaldehyde resin has been investigated, which can be used in the wood and chipboard industry. This resin is prepared in two forms, Novolac and Resole, which different products are formed by changing the reaction conditions. Resole is used as a liquid adhesive in the wood and chipboard industry.
Research approach: Various parameters are effective in the synthesis of the resin and the properties of the final product such as the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol, the pH of the reaction medium, the temperature and time of the reaction, and the amount of water released from the reaction. The synthesis of this material was carried out under reaction conditions with the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol from 1.84 to 2.50, the reaction medium pH from 4.0 to 10.85, the reaction temperature from 80 to 100 ^◦C, the reaction time from 0.5 to 4 h, and the water output amount in the term of dehydration dimensionless number from 0.18 to 1.02.
Main results: The results showed that the maximum product stability time was obtained for 18 days at the molar ratio of 2, the alkaline medium at pH 9 to 10, the reaction temperature at 90 to 95 ^◦C, and reaction time at 2 h. Moreover, viscosity, density, gelation time, and percentage of solids were obtained 180 cP, 1.224 g/cm³, 30 S, and 51.20%, respectively. Product properties were optimized by adding diethylene glycol and urea. The stability time increased to 105 days by adding 8% diethylene glycol and the free formaldehyde amount in the product decreased to 1.29% by adding 4% urea. According to the properties of the created product, the obtained reaction conditions can be used for the mass production of the resin.

Abstract Research Subject: The conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons is a potential process that can reduce and control greenhouse gases. According to the United Nations Development Program's sustainable development goals, liquefied gas is an environmentally friendly fuel. Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over a suitable catalyst can be used directly to synthesize light hydrocarbons.
Research Approach: This study investigated the direct synthesis of liquefied petroleum gas from carbon dioxide hydrogenation using SBA-15 catalyst modified with copper and zinc nanoparticles. In this study, hydrogen and carbon dioxide were used as reactant gases, and the operation conditions such as reaction temperature and residence time were evaluated.
Main Results: The results showed that by modifying the catalyst with copper and zinc active sites, the active surface of the catalyst was reduced to 542 m².g^-1. Furthermore, SEM results revealed that the addition of metal oxides ZnO and CuO resulted in uniform distribution in the internal channels of the 1Cu1Zn/SBA-15 catalyst, with no aggregation. LPG production is optimal at a temperature of 360 ^oC and a residence time of 10 g.h.mol-1. These conditions yielded a CO₂ conversion rate of 24.6% and a LPG selectivity of 64.8%, respectively. The amount of LPG produced increases as the temperature rises, and after reaching the optimum temperature, there is no significant increase in the amount of LPG produced. The percentage of CO2 conversion does not change much when the residence time is increased after the optimum value, indicating that the reaction has reached its thermodynamic theoretical range. According to the catalytic lifetime test of 1Cu1Zn/SBA-15, CO₂ conversion percentage and LPG selectivity do not change after 85 hours. Based on the results of the experiments, the synthesized catalyst can hydrogenate CO₂ efficiently to LPG.

Abstract Research subject:
The kinetics of xylene isomerization reaction on Mo-Pt @ZSM5 catalyst has not been investigated so far. In this research, the single reversible reaction of meta-xylene to para-xylene has been studied to model this process. Considering that the feed of the industrial unit has only small amounts of non-xylene compounds, it seems reasonable regardless of other reactions and the results of this research also confirm it.
Research approach:
The desired reaction was carried out in the gas phase and constant temperatures of 375 ^oC and 378 ^oC on Mo-Pt @ZSM5 catalyst. The feed is taken from an industrial unit. In each test, the temperature is considered constant. In this research, in order to obtain a simple model, only the reversible reaction of meta-xylene to para-xylene is considered. The forward speed constant is considered as an adjustable parameter, and the backward reaction speed constant is calculated from the (meta-xylene)-(para-xylene) equilibrium constant reported in the literature. Since other reactions are neglected, the total mole fraction of meta-xylene and para-xylene is assumed to be constant and equal to their sum in the feed, and the mole fraction of ortho-xylene is calculated from the (meta-xylene)-(ortho-xylene) equilibrium constant reported in the literature. Using the mass balance and performance equation of the packed column as well as Ergun's equation to estimate the pressure changes along the column, a suitable differential equation system was proposed in this research and solved numerically using the ode45 function in MATLAB.
Main results: both the experimental data and the simulation results with the Aspen HYSYS software show that the temperature has little effect on the obtained results in the investigated temperature range. The optimal value of the reaction rate constant of metaxylene to paraxylene for the forward reaction is 1340 cm³ of product per gram of catalyst per hour. For the reverse reaction, it is obtained from the equilibrium constant data in terms of temperature. The results and the proposed simple kinetic model give a good prediction of the experimental data.

Abstract Subject
Petroleum coke calcination is a chemical process during which the petroleum coke loses moisture and volatile combustible materials due to the increase in temperature and ultimately improves the physical properties of the calcined coke. In this study, A 2-Dim model was developed for the petroleum coke calcination process via rotary kiln using the CFD approach. Understanding the temperature, concentration, and fluid movement behavior are the main goals for developing the simulation model, by using which the rotary kiln control and design can be performed.
Methodology
Comsol Multiphysics was applied to develop the simulation model. Petroleum coke rotary kiln calcination consists of two solid and gas phases, which cross each other counter-currently. All governing physics in the system, including chemical reactions, heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation, intra-phase and interphase mass transfer, evaporation or evolution of components from the solid phase into the gas phase, fluid turbulency and all complex relationships were considered. Using the finite element method, the governing equations of the model were solved, and consequently, the variation of temperature, components concentration, and fluid velocity was calculated.
The main results
It is concluded that tertiary air injection significantly affects the temperature profile and combustion reactions in the bed (About 100 degrees increase in temperature). In addition, the maximum temperature of 1910 °C has been achieved in the kiln. Concentration changes of components in the gas phase were also seen mainly in the bed entrance and in the areas near the tertiary air injection. Comparing the results with similar works showed the high accuracy of the developed model

Abstract موضوع تحقیق: یکی از روش­های نوین در فرآیندهای افزایش بازیافت نفت از مخازن هیدروکربوری، بکارگیری امواج اولتراسونیک میباشد. در این تحقیق با استفاده از امواج اولتراسونیک و اعمال آن در یک مخزن نمونه مقیاس بزرگ، به بررسی اثر آن در ازدیاد برداشت نفت به روش عددی پرداخته شده است.
روش تحقیق: در این تحقیق فرایند مدلسازی با استفاده از نرم افزار متلب انجام شده است. ابتدا با تعیین محیط متخلخل میزان افزایش فشار حاصل از موج اولتراسونیک با توجه به حل معادلات صوت ( هلمهولتز) توسط جعبه ابزار k-waves متلب بررسی شده و سپس با تعیین مخزن نمونه و حل معادلات حاکم بر مخزن میزان تغییرات فشار حاصل از جریان سیال در حضور چاه تولیدی به بررسی اثر موج اولتراسونیک در ازدیاد برداشت نفت پرداخته میشود. در نهایت با توجه به تولید تجمعی در یک زمان مشخص از چاه تولیدی و تعیین بازیافت نفت از مخزن در حضور موج، به بررسی اثر پارامترهای موقعیت مکانی چاه و فاصله آن از منبع تولید موج، زمان شروع تولید موج، شیوه­ای اعمال موج (پالسی و پیوسته)، در یک فرکانس و توان بهینه پرداخته میشود.
نتایج اصلی: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از مدلسازی، هرچقدر زمان شروع اعمال موج به روزهای اول تولید نزدیک­تر باشد، میزان بازیافت نفت نیز بیشتر میشود؛ به گونه ای که با شروع اعمال موج اولتراسونیک تحت توان 5 کیلووات و فرکانس 20 کیلوهرتز همزمان با تولید نفت چاه از روز اول، بازیافت نفت نسبت به بازیافت نفت در حالتی که شروع اعمال موج از روزهای پنجاه و نود باشد، به ترتیب %5/4 و %8 بیشتر شده است. بازیافت نفت درصورتی که موج در یک زمان مشخص بصورت پیوسته به مخزن اعمال شود به میزان 8/1% نسبت به حالتی که در همان زمان بصورت پالسی اعمال شود، بیشتر است .نتایج مدلسازی نشان میدهد که هرچقدر فاصله منبع تولید موج با چاه تولیدی کمتر باشد، افت فشار محدوده چاه کمتر شده و بازیافت نفت افزایش میابد. بطوری که طبق نتایج اگر منبع تولید موج در فاصله 200 فوتی از چاه تولیدی قرار گرفته باشد، نسبت به فاصله 1800 فوتی از چاه بازیافت نفت % 1/7 افزایش میابد.