ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی هیدروژن در حضور گاز پایه: بررسی خواص گازهای ‌پایه، پارامترهای مخزنی و عملیاتی

نوع مقاله : مروری سیستماتیک

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی نفت، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده
کاهش منابع انرژی فسیلی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای از مهم‌ترین عوامل توجه به انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر است. ذخیره‌سازی هیدروژن به‌عنوان حامل انرژی، یکی از روش‌های امیدبخش برای بهره‌برداری پایدار از این منابع محسوب می‌شود. در فرایند ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی هیدروژن، بخشی از گاز به‌دلیل عدم تأمین فشار موردنیاز تولید نمی‌شود و به‌عنوان گاز پایه باقی می‌ماند. به‌منظور کاهش اتلاف هیدروژن، پیشنهاد می‌شود از گازهای ارزان‌تر مانند متان، نیتروژن یا دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌عنوان گاز پایه جایگزین استفاده شود. این مطالعه به بررسی جامع انواع گازهای پایه و عوامل مؤثر بر ذخیره‌سازی هیدروژن در حضور گاز پایه می‌پردازد، تا راهکاری برای بهینه‌سازی این فرایند ارائه شود. در این پژوهش ابتدا بیش از 300 مقاله علمی جمع‌آوری و بررسی شد. از این میان، 80 مقاله به‌عنوان مقالات اصلی انتخاب شدند که مرتبط با ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی گاز هیدروژن و دیگر گازها در حضور گاز پایه بودند و 82 مقاله دیگر نیز به‌عنوان منابع تکمیل‌کننده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مقالات اصلی در سه دسته شامل تأثیر خواص گاز پایه، تأثیر خواص مخزن و تأثیر عوامل عملیاتی طبقه‌بندی شدند. سپس محتوای این مقالات پس از ارزیابی دقیق، به‌صورت خلاصه و منسجم ارائه شد تا مبنایی جامع برای تحلیل فرایند ذخیره‌سازی گاز هیدروژن در حضور گاز پایه فراهم شود. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان داد که استفاده از گازهای متان، نیتروژن و دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌عنوان گاز پایه می‌تواند تا حد بسیار زیادی با کاهش هیدروژن به‌دام‌افتاده درون مخزن، به مباحث اقتصادی پروژه‌های ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی گاز هیدروژن کمک کنند. چگالی و گرانروی گاز پایه نقش مهمی در ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی هیدروژن دارند. گاز نیتروژن به‌دلیل خواص فیزیکی مطلوب، گزینه‌ای برتر برای تزریق است، زیرا خطر وقوع پدیده‌هایی مانند جدایش ثقلی و انگشتی‌شدن را کاهش می‌دهد. در مقابل، گاز دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌دلیل انحلال در آب سازند و تراکم‌پذیری بالا، نیازمند تزریق حجم بیشتری برای رسیدن به فشار مطلوب مخزن است. علاوه بر این، کاهش فشار و افزایش دما، تخلخل و تراوایی منجر به کاهش خلوص هیدروژن می‌شود. همچنین، شبیه‌سازی‌ها نشان می‌دهند که تزریق گاز پایه مناسب و افزایش ضریب تخلیه‌ی مخزن پیش از شروع ذخیره‌سازی گاز هیدروژن می‌تواند به افزایش خلوص و بازیافت هیدروژن کمک کند.کاهش منابع انرژی فسیلی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای از مهم‌ترین عوامل توجه به انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر است. ذخیره‌سازی هیدروژن به‌عنوان حامل انرژی، یکی از روش‌های امیدبخش برای بهره‌برداری پایدار از این منابع محسوب می‌شود. در فرایند ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی هیدروژن، بخشی از گاز به‌دلیل عدم تأمین فشار موردنیاز تولید نمی‌شود و به‌عنوان گاز پایه باقی می‌ماند. به‌منظور کاهش اتلاف هیدروژن، پیشنهاد می‌شود از گازهای ارزان‌تر مانند متان، نیتروژن یا دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌عنوان گاز پایه جایگزین استفاده شود. این مطالعه به بررسی جامع انواع گازهای پایه و عوامل مؤثر بر ذخیره‌سازی هیدروژن در حضور گاز پایه می‌پردازد، تا راهکاری برای بهینه‌سازی این فرایند ارائه شود. در این پژوهش ابتدا بیش از 300 مقاله علمی جمع‌آوری و بررسی شد. از این میان، 80 مقاله به‌عنوان مقالات اصلی انتخاب شدند که مرتبط با ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی گاز هیدروژن و دیگر گازها در حضور گاز پایه بودند و 82 مقاله دیگر نیز به‌عنوان منابع تکمیل‌کننده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مقالات اصلی در سه دسته شامل تأثیر خواص گاز پایه، تأثیر خواص مخزن و تأثیر عوامل عملیاتی طبقه‌بندی شدند. سپس محتوای این مقالات پس از ارزیابی دقیق، به‌صورت خلاصه و منسجم ارائه شد تا مبنایی جامع برای تحلیل فرایند ذخیره‌سازی گاز هیدروژن در حضور گاز پایه فراهم شود. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان داد که استفاده از گازهای متان، نیتروژن و دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌عنوان گاز پایه می‌تواند تا حد بسیار زیادی با کاهش هیدروژن به‌دام‌افتاده درون مخزن، به مباحث اقتصادی پروژه‌های ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی گاز هیدروژن کمک کنند. چگالی و گرانروی گاز پایه نقش مهمی در ذخیره‌سازی زیرزمینی هیدروژن دارند. گاز نیتروژن به‌دلیل خواص فیزیکی مطلوب، گزینه‌ای برتر برای تزریق است، زیرا خطر وقوع پدیده‌هایی مانند جدایش ثقلی و انگشتی‌شدن را کاهش می‌دهد. در مقابل، گاز دی‌اکسیدکربن به‌دلیل انحلال در آب سازند و تراکم‌پذیری بالا، نیازمند تزریق حجم بیشتری برای رسیدن به فشار مطلوب مخزن است. علاوه بر این، کاهش فشار و افزایش دما، تخلخل و تراوایی منجر به کاهش خلوص هیدروژن می‌شود. همچنین، شبیه‌سازی‌ها نشان می‌دهند که تزریق گاز پایه مناسب و افزایش ضریب تخلیه‌ی مخزن پیش از شروع ذخیره‌سازی گاز هیدروژن می‌تواند به افزایش خلوص و بازیافت هیدروژن کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Underground Hydrogen Storage in the Presence of Cushion Gas: Investigation of Cushion Gas Properties, Reservoir, and Operational Parameters

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Ramsari
Hamed Namdar
Arezou Jafari
Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

The depletion of fossil energy resources and the emission of greenhouse gases are among the key factors driving attention toward renewable energies. Hydrogen storage, as an energy carrier, is considered one of the promising methods for sustainable utilization of these resources. In underground hydrogen storage (UHS), a portion of the gas remains unrecovered due to insufficient production pressure and is retained as cushion gas. To minimize hydrogen loss, it is proposed to replace hydrogen with more cost-effective gases, such as methane, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide, as the cushion gas. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of various cushion gases and the parameters influencing hydrogen storage in their presence, aiming to propose strategies for optimizing this process. In this study, over 300 scientific papers were reviewed, among which 80 articles were selected as the primary sources related to the underground storage process of hydrogen gas and other gases in the presence of cushion gas, while an additional 82 articles were reviewed as complementary references. These papers were categorized into three groups: the impact of cushion gas properties, reservoir properties, and operational parameters. The content was summarized and presented coherently, providing a comprehensive foundation for analyzing hydrogen storage in the presence of cushion gas. The results indicated that using gases such as methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide as cushion gas could significantly contribute to the economic aspects of UHS by reducing the amount of trapped hydrogen in the reservoir. The density and viscosity of the cushion gas play an important role in UHS. Nitrogen gas, due to its favorable physical properties, is a superior option for injection as it reduces the risk of phenomena such as gravitational segregation and fingering. In contrast, carbon dioxide, due to its solubility in formation water and high compressibility, requires the injection of larger volumes to achieve the desired reservoir pressure. Additionally, reduction in pressure and increase in temperature, porosity, and permeability lead to a decrease in hydrogen purity. Furthermore, simulations show that injecting the appropriate cushion gas and increasing the reservoir's recovery factor before starting hydrogen storage can help improve hydrogen purity and recovery.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Keywords: Underground hydrogen storage
Cushion gas
Renewable Energy
Underground reservoir
environment
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