Journal of Applied Research in Chemical-Polymer Engineering

Abstract Research subject: The scarcity of freshwater resources and the rapid growth of population have made the development and deployment of efficient desalination technologies an undeniable necessity for securing reliable supplies of drinking and industrial water. In this regard, the present study focuses on the modeling, validation, and techno-economic assessment of two widely applied technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-effect distillation (MED), as well as their integration in standalone and hybrid configurations.
Research approach: In the modeling stage, the key components of each process, including pumps, pressure exchangers, pretreatment units, and main desalination modules, were simulated with high accuracy using established mathematical correlations. Calibration and validation were carried out with the aid of WAVE software and field data from existing industrial plants, ensuring consistency between simulation results and practical operation. Four configurations, including RO, MED, RO-MED, and MED-RO, were investigated under identical feedwater conditions (50,000 m³/day, salinity of 30,000 mg/L) and defined operational constraints. The evaluation criteria included product water quality, recovery ratio, electrical and thermal energy consumption, and specific water production cost.
Main results: The results showed that, among the four standalone and hybrid RO and MED scenarios, the standalone RO system had the lowest levelized cost of water at 0.386 USD/m³, making it the most economical option. Its cost was about 38%, 19%, and 58% lower than MED, RO-MED, and MED-RO, respectively. In contrast, the product water quality of RO was 93%, 42%, and 47% lower than these alternatives. Sensitivity analysis revealed that increasing electricity price raised the cost of standalone RO by up to 78%, while higher fuel cost increased the MED cost by 85%. Moreover, variation in the interest rate had the strongest impact on MED-RO, raising its cost by up to 40%. In addition, the RO-MED hybrid configuration proved to be an economical alternative compared with other options, while ensuring higher water quality. These findings highlight that the optimal choice of technology strongly depends on local conditions such as energy price, availability of waste heat, and required product quality.

Abstract Research subject: Water source pollution on a global scale exhibits a concerning growth trend. Among these, effluents containing oil pollutants present a major environmental challenge. To address this issue, various purification methods have been developed, with membrane separation technology being one of the most effective. Furthermore, a significant portion of research in membrane separation has thus far concentrated on simple oil-water two-phase mixtures, and the impact of salinity parameters on membrane performance has not been comprehensively investigated. The presence of salts can fundamentally alter the fouling mechanisms and permeability of membranes. Despite considerable advancements in the design and fabrication of oil-water separation membranes, achieving high water flux, satisfactory oil removal, and anti-fouling performance remains a formidable challenge.
Research approach: In this research, layered nanocomposite membranes were designed and fabricated utilizing phosphorous-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets (P-GO) through a pressure-assisted layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The functionalization process of GO using phosphoric acid resulted in the formation of the P-GO structure with a significant increase in the content of oxygen-containing functional groups. Subsequently, these engineered nanosheets were deposited onto a polyethersulfone (PES) substrate, which had been pre-treated with polydopamine (PDA) to enhance adhesion and compatibility, at three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/mL) in order to evaluate the effect of nanosheet concentration on the final membrane performance.
Main results: Based on the experimental results, the mP-GO50 membrane exhibited optimal water absorption (87.61%), desirable water permeability (output flux of 81.66 L/m²·h), and 99.6% vegetable oil removal, while also demonstrating improved anti-fouling properties due to the higher negative charge of P-GO, maintaining 95.5% oil removal after ten cycles. Additionally, the effect of adding different NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL) to the feed solution was investigated. With increasing NaCl concentration, the oil removal capability of the mP-GO50 membrane decreased by 1.49%, but it still showed favourable performance with 98.12% oil removal at the highest salt concentration (100 mg/mL).

Abstract Research subject: Oil-based wastewater treatment is essential to prevent environmental harm and comply with regulations. Membrane processes are ideal for this due to their efficiency, low energy use, and ability to handle complex emulsions effectively.
Research approach: The primary goal of this study is to employ an ultrafiltration membrane separation process for the treatment of wastewater containing oil compounds (e.g., diesel fuel). To achieve this, polyethersulfone/sulfonated-polyethersulfone (PES/SPES) blend membranes with various SPES loadings were fabricated using the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The effects of SPES loading on the membrane morphology, surface roughness, surface hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, porosity, and water and wastewater flux were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurement, mechanical strength testing, and filtration performance tests, respectively.
Main results: The results showed that adding SPES to PES and increasing the loading of SPES led to the formation of macrovoids in the membrane cross-section, enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity, increased porosity, improved water and wastewater flux, and increased the pure water flux recovery ratio. However, these benefits came with reduced mechanical strength and increased membrane compaction. Among the prepared membranes, the PES/SPES (60/40 wt./wt.) blend membrane exhibited the best filtration performance, achieving a final wastewater flux of 34.78 L/m²·h, compared to 11.35 L/m²·h for the neat PES membrane. Meanwhile, the PES/SPES (40/60 wt./wt.) composite demonstrated the highest surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and flux recovery ratio. Notably, all membranes synthesized in this study achieved over 99% rejection efficiency for the diesel fuel-water emulsions, which is significant for practical and industrial applications.

Abstract Abstract
Research subject: The presence of antibiotics in drinking water sources indicates the inefficient removal of pharmaceutical compounds by conventional treatment methods, and the environmental consequences of their presence cannot be ignored. This research aims to fabricate a polyethersulfone nanofiltration membrane modified with titanium dioxide nanoparticles for the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solutions.
Research approach: In this study, pure polyethersulfone membranes and nanoparticle-modified membranes were fabricated using the phase inversion method. First, the base polymer concentration was optimized, and the membrane pore structure was controlled to achieve maximum separation performance. Subsequently, the selected membrane was modified with different nanoparticle loadings (0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt.%). A 22% polyethersulfone membrane with 79% rejection and a pure water flux of 1.19 l.m-2.h-1 was identified as the optimal membrane, and used for further modification. The membranes were characterized using FTIR, water contact angle, SEM, AFM, and XRD, along with evaluations of pure water flux and amoxicillin separation efficiency.
Main results: FTIR analysis and contact angle measurements showed a significant increase in membrane hydrophilicity due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in the TiO2 structure. SEM images showed that nanoparticle incorporation increased membrane thickness and promoted the formation of small tear-like pores in the active layer, as well elongated pores in the substrate. These structural changes increased porosity and enhanced pure water flux from 1.19 to a maximum of 53.04 l.m-2.h-1 for the membrane containing 1wt.% nanoparticles. AFM analysis further revealed increased surface roughness with nanoparticle addition. The membrane containing 0.5 wt.% nanoparticles exhibited optimal performance, with a flux of 27.32 l.m-2.h-1 and a rejection of 85.72%. Overall, the results demonstrate that nanocomposite membranes show strong potential for the removal of non-biodegradable contaminants, such as amoxicillin, from water sources.

Abstract Research subject: Real-time analysis using digital tools requires receiving instantaneous data from various points in industrial chemical processes. Time delays in measurements of process variables can affect the effective performance of different control strategies, process stability, and operational efficiency, making it impossible to analyze, extract information, and convert it into actionable decisions in real-time. The synthesis process of vinyl acetate monomer is recognized as a benchmark dynamic and nonlinear process in the chemical industry. In this process, the composition of water at the bottom of the azeotropic distillation column is one of the important variables measured by a gas chromatography (GC) analyzer, which has a significant time delay and high cost.
Research approach: Soft sensors primarily improve the real-time estimation of variables that are difficult or impossible to measure. Neural networks play an important role in the development of soft sensors due to their ability to learn nonlinear patterns and their suitable prediction speed. This study focuses on the development of a soft sensor based on a feedforward neural network model for real-time estimation of the composition of water at the bottom of an azeotropic distillation column in the vinyl acetate monomer synthesis process.
Main results: Additionally, the model was adaptively implemented under various fault conditions and accurately estimates the GC analyzer behavior instantaneously, achieving a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.1 × 10-5. Maintaining prediction accuracy in the adaptive implementation of soft sensors in the presence of various process faults demonstrates the effective adaptability of these sensors. Therefore, this study demonstrates the capability of soft sensors as an efficient and cost-effective alternative for real-time monitoring of complex chemical processes.

Abstract Abstract:

Research subject:

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as an effective approach to enhance the performance of polymer membranes in CO₂ gas separation has gained significant attention. Membranes modified with DES are referred to as supported liquid membranes (SLMs).

Research approach:

In this study, two-component (choline chloride/urea) and three-component (choline chloride/urea/DBU) DES were used to improve the efficiency of Pebax-1657 (poly(ether-block-amide)) membranes for separating CO₂ from CH₄ and N₂ gases. Gas permeability tests conducted at 2 bar pressure and 30 °C compared pure membranes with membranes enhanced by 10 wt.% of the two-component DES and 10 wt.% of the three-component DES.

Results:

Results showed that the CO₂ permeability increased from 3.77 barrer for the pure membrane to 4.96 barrer for the 10 wt.% DES two-component membrane, and to 7.101 barrer for the 10 wt.% DES-DBU three-component membrane. The CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivities improved from 20.32 and 11.36 for the pure membrane to 38.56 and 13.77 for the DES two-component membrane, and to 40.68 and 14.32 for DES-DBU three-component membrane, respectively. Moreover, with an increase in feed pressure from 2 bar to 6 and 10 bar, the membrane performance improved. At 10 bar, the CO₂ permeability for the 10 wt.% DES three-component membrane increased to 16.28 barrer, while the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivities rose to 56.13 and 20.60, respectively. Since the DES-DBU three-component membrane showed better performance than the DES two-component membrane and the pure membrane, various weight percentages of this composition were used to further enhance the Pebax polymer membrane. The results indicated that the membrane containing 20 wt.% of the DES-DBU three-component exhibited the best performance among all tested membranes. At 2 bar pressure and 30 °C, this membrane increased CO₂ permeability to 13.88 barrer and CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivities to 51.46 and 18.80, respectively. Furthermore, at 10 bar pressure, the CO₂ permeability reached 21.25 barrer, while the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivities improved to 40.66 and 60.25, respectively. Ultimately, this membrane, compared to other studies, has successfully surpassed the Robeson limit, demonstrating its high potential for applications related to CO₂ gas separation.

Abstract Research Subject: Carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution represents a major environmental challenge in contemporary society, primarily driven by industrial expansion. A notable modern approach for CO2 separation involves the use of polymer membranes, with poly (ether-block-amide) (Pebax) recognized as a prominent industrial membrane in this field. However, this type of membrane is constrained by the permeability–selectivity trade-off, which hinders its broader application in industrial processes. One strategy to overcome this limitation is the incorporation of various functional compounds into Pebax.
Research Approach: This study selected phenol—characterized by its hydroxyl functional group—as a filler, and prepared Pebax membranes with varying phenol concentrations using advanced molecular simulation techniques. Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) methods were employed to evaluate both the structural properties and gas separation performance of the membranes. Initially, structural properties—including fractional free volume (FFV), density, and polymer chain mobility—were analyzed, followed by assessments of functional properties such as diffusion and solubility coefficients.
Main Results: The incorporation of phenol led to an increase in the membranes' fractional free volume (FFV). Radial distribution function (RDF) analysis revealed that the interaction between CO2 and phenol molecules was stronger than that between CO2 and Pebax polymer chains. Furthermore, the results indicated that phenol increased the CO2 diffusion coefficient by a factor of 5.5 and the solubility coefficient by 1.3 times compared to the pure Pebax membrane, due to Lewis acid–base and π-quadrupolar interactions. Analysis of CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity in the simulated membranes showed that increasing the phenol content led to higher CO2 permeability but a continuous decrease in CO2/N2 selectivity.

Abstract Research subject: Membranes and membrane processes have gained significant importance in recent decades, particularly in industries such as water treatment, oil processing, gas separation, and desalination. Among these, ceramic membranes are increasingly preferred due to their outstanding properties, including high mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability, suitable porosity, and high permeation flux. This study focuses on examining the characteristics of alumina ceramic suspensions used in the gel-casting method for fabricating ceramic membranes.

Research approach: This research investigates the influence of polysaccharide compounds as organic additives and binders in the fabrication of ceramic membranes. To optimize the microstructure, the study explores the rheological behavior and gelation time (chemo-rheology) of alumina ceramic powder–polysaccharide suspensions. Key parameters—including temperature, the presence or absence of ceramic powder, and the concentrations of cross-linking agent and binder—were systematically analyzed for their effects on gelation time. Additionally, the microstructure of the final membranes was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Main results:The results demonstrated that the alumina–polysaccharide system, combined with an aldehyde-based cross-linking agent, is a promising approach for producing complex and robust ceramic green bodies. It was found that at ceramic powder loadings higher than 30 vol%, an increase in temperature by 5–10 °C, along with a two- to threefold increase in the contents of the polysaccharide binder and aldehyde-based cross-linking agent, significantly reduced the gelation time. These findings underscore the critical importance of precisely controlling parameters such as temperature and additive concentrations at a given ceramic powder loading to achieve optimal membrane properties.

Abstract Research subject: Permeability and high selectivity are two important factors of gas separation membranes. To achieve such parameters, gas separation membranes can be modified and improved in terms of material type, material ratio, structure, and etc. For this purpose, in this research, the performance of chitosan-gallic acid/polysulfone thin film composite membranes (TFC) has been improved in CO₂ gas separation.
Research approach: To prepare chitosan-gallic acid/polysulfone TFC membranes, a nanometer-scale thin layer of chitosan-gallic acid was formed on the polysulfone support layer (PSF). Following this, chitosan-gallic acid composite thin layer membranes were synthesized with different mass ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2). Various analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray Photoelectric Spectroscopy )XPS(, were used to examine the structure of the TFC membranes, alongside CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ separation tests.
Main results: Examining the chemical structure of the synthesized membranes showed the successful formation of chitosan-gallic acid chains on the PSF surface. The microscopic images of the synthesized membranes showed that a dense thin layer of chitosan-gallic acid was uniformly formed on the PSF support layer. The highest CO₂ separation was achieved with a chitosan-gallic acid mass ratio of 1:2. Increasing the gallic acid content in the selective layer of the thin film composite membrane resulted in improved CO₂ permeability, increasing from 294.4 GPU and 347.2 GPU for the 1:1 and 2:1 membrane, respectively, to 411.1 GPU for the 1:2 membrane. Additionally, the permeability of CH₄ and N₂ gases through the thin film composite (1:2) membrane was measured at 24.6 GPU and 19.2 GPU, respectively. The gas selectivity calculations revealed an increase in selectivity for CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂, rising from 13.84 and 17.165 in the 1:1 membrane and 9.684 and 12.969 in the 2:1 membrane to 16.711 and 21.411 in the 1:2 membranes. The results showed that the performance of the chitosan-gallic acid thin layer membrane, which was used for the first time in CO₂ separation, was acceptable.

Abstract Research subject: Global warming is the most important worldwide problem. CO₂ is one of the greenhouse gasses and its emission to the atmosphere causes global warming to increase. Porous adsorbents are great candidates for CO₂ adsorption and graphene aerogels are porous nanostructures with very low density and hierarchical porosity which is suitable for CO₂ adsorption. The source of pristine graphite for graphene oxide synthesis as a precursor plays a vital role in graphene aerogel nanostructure.
Research approach: In the current study, graphene oxide by modified Hummers method was synthesized with three different graphite sources. Graphene aerogels were prepared with synthesized graphene oxides via hydrothermal and freeze-drying methods to investigate their effect on graphene aerogel nanostructure. Finally, the CO₂ adsorption of graphene aerogels was evaluated. The samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET analysis.
Main results: The results indicated that the source of graphite has a significant role in the process of oxidation of graphene oxide by the modified Hummers method. XRD results of graphene oxides showed successful oxidation of graphite. The normalizing FTIR peaks of graphene oxides showed different intensities of oxygenated functional group peaks. FE-SEM results of graphene aerogels showed that less oxidation of graphite powder caused agglomeration of graphite plates and thick walls were formed. The macropore size in the structure of obtained aerogels (GAB and GAE) was 2.28 and 3.84 µm respectively which affected the CO₂ adsorption. Larger pores led to easier mass transfer of CO₂ molecules and higher CO₂ adsorption was achieved. Moreover, the high meso and micro surface area (111 and 115 m²/g respectively) in GAE increased CO₂ adsorption up to 1.04 mmol/g compared to GAB (0.724 mmol/g).

Abstract Research subject: Osmosis membrane bioreactor is one of the best industrial wastewater treatment methods. The main advantage of using osmosis process is its operation at low hydraulic pressures which has a better performance in removing pollutants and low energy consumption than other methods
Research approach: In this research, Nano porous Titanium dioxide powder with a specific surface area and anatase wall was synthesized through a thermal process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant directing agent and a pore-creating agent.Ultrafiltration nanocomposite membranes were made using modified titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (MT) and polysulfone (PSf) by phase the inversion method. The morphology and structure of the prepared membranes and nanoparticles were investigated using by atomic fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this research, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as simulated wastewater for the feed solution. The fabricated ultrafiltration membranes were tested in osmosis membrane bioreactor (OMBR) system due to lower energy and fouling. 0.6 % solution of poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) was used as an osmotic solution. Comparative separation performance and antifouling properties of both nanocomposites in several analyzes such as water contact angle measurement, pure water flux and filtration of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin solution. BSA and fouling resistance have been investigated


Main results: TThe results that Due to the addition of MT nanoparticles to the polymer matrix, the hydrophilicity and surface energy of the membrane increased, which led to the improvement of the membrane performance. The membrane containing 1% titanium oxide nanoparticles showed the best result. For example, for feeding with a concentration of 200 ppm, the water flux increased from 20 to 38.5 L/ m² h, and the percentage of returning lethal solution decreased from 19.6 to 30 g/ m² h. The flux recovery in this membrane was 96%, which indicates the antifouling property of the modified nanocomposite membrane.

Abstract In recent years, air separation using membranes has received much attention as a cost-effective technology for producing relatively pure streams of nitrogen and oxygen. The results of studies show that the design and fabrication of new polymers with the desired structure for the industrialization of polymer membrane technology in the field of oxygen separation from nitrogen is considered very important. The results obtained from various research works show that polymer membranes made on the basis of aromatic polyimides and PIMs due to high selectivity, suitable mechanical, thermal and chemical properties and also benefiting from different structures due to polymer substitutions are a suitable option for separation of oxygen and nitrogen. Moreover, the membrane modification process can greatly increase the mechanical, chemical and selectivity of the membranes and be an effective way to improve the separation of oxygen from nitrogen. The results indicate that the fabrication of blended membranes has increased the selectivity and permeability of the membranes, and the creation of transverse connections in most cases has increased the selectivity of the membranes. Meanwhile, carbon molecular sieve membranes that are made by thermal decomposition of the polymeric raw material under controlled temperature and pressure conditions due to their properties such as high selectivity and permeability, stability in corrosive environments and applicability at high temperatures are suitable options for separation of oxygen and nitrogen. Also, carefully in the results obtained from various research works, it can be seen that the use of driving force and magnetic particles in the polymer simultaneously improves the permeability and selectivity of membranes. As it is predicted, this method is one of the efficient methods in improving the performance of polymer membranes in the field of oxygen and nitrogen separation.

Abstract Abstract
Research subject: In recent years, many efforts have been made to improve the performance of polymer membranes in oxygen-nitrogen separation due to the high cost and energy consumption of cryogenic distillation and adsorption methods. Increasing the performance of these types of membranes is still needed for industrial applications.
Research approach: In this research, novel magnetic mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared using polysulfone (PSf) as the main matrix, and also neodymium (Nd) as the magnetic particles for O₂/N₂ separation. To avoid the particle sedimentation and proper dispersion of particles across the membrane thickness, magnetic particle dispersion in the PSf was controlled by applying an external magnetic field (MF). The effect of Nd magnetic particle content on the microstructure, magnetic properties and thermal stability of the prepared MMMs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and thermo-gravimetric analysis. In this reseach, a novel magnetic module was designed and constructed to investigate the performance of prepared membranes in the presence of various MFs.
Main Results: The obtained results indicated that the permeability of O₂ and N₂ gases was improved by adding Nd magnetic particles into PSf matrix regardless of the amount of MF due to the chain packing of polymers disruption and free volume enhancement. The permeability of O₂ and N₂ in the MMMs containing 5 wt.% Nd in the absence of MF was about 182 % and 443%, respectively, higher than those of neat PSf membranes. Furthermore, the permeability and selectivity of PSf and PSf-Nd membranes were considerably improved by applying the MF during the permeation experiments. In the MMMs containing 5 wt.% Nd, O2/N2 selectivity was increased from 2.73 to 3.77 upon an increase in the intensity of MF from 0 to 570 mT. Considering the findings, the application of Nd particles and MF during the membrane preparation and separation processes can be facile methods for enhancement of membrane performance.

Keywords: Oxygen/nitrogen separation; Polysulfone; Neodymium; Magnetic mixed-matrix membranes; Magnetic separation module

Abstract Research subject: In recent years, researchers have proposed various methods for gas separation because of rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and causing enormous environmental problems. One of the newest and emerging methods is membrane gas separation. In the last decade, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have received much attention due to their ability to successful separation of polar gases from mixtures.
Research approach: In this study, a novel two-component mixed matrix membrane was prepared by incorporating the nickel zinc iron oxide nanoparticles into the Pebox polymer matrix. This is owing to combination the unique features of Pebax copolymer such as high mechanical strength and gas permeability, with nanoparticle properties as considerable permeability and selectivity, and appropriate mechanical and thermal stability. The gas permeability test was performed for pristine membrane and MMMs at 35 °C and pressure range from 2 to 10 bar. Fabricated membranes were also evaluated by FESEM, FTIR-ATR, DSC and XRD tests
Main results: Results demonstrated that in the case of the optimum membrane with 1 wt.% of filler loading and at 10 bar, the CO₂ permeability was increased about 128% and reached to 278 Barrer, compared to pristine membrane. However, the CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ selectivities were improved by 175 and 183 percent, respectively. This superior results was due to the presence of iron, nickel, and zinc atoms in the filler structure, which resulted in a better interaction with CO₂. On the other hand, the presence of CO₂-friendly segments in the Pebax structure caused much higher CO₂ permeability in comparison with other light gases.

Abstract In this study, the three phase mixed matrix membranes comprising Pebax®1657, PEG-200 and MIL-53(AL) nanoparticles were evaluated for CO2 gas separation. The effect of various PEG-200 and MIL-53(AL) concentration within the pebax polymeric matrix on the structure, gas permeability, and selectivity of the membranes was investigated. To study the cross-sectional morphology, crystallinity and thermal properties of the synthesized membranes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), was also carried out to identify the formation of the chemical bonds in the membrane. SEM images demonstrated a uniform cross-section and admissible dispersion of nanoparticles. The results of the thermal analyses indicated an increase in crystallinity and Tg in presence of MIL-53 particles. Permeation of pure gases (i.e., CO2, CH4) through the prepared neat Pebax®1657, the blended Pebax/PEG-200 and the Pebax/PEG-200/MIL-53(AL) mixed matrix membrane was measured at the pressure of 2–10 bar and temperature of 30 °C. The results showed that at the pressure 10 bar, the CO2 gas permeation from 133.36 barrer in pure membrane increased to 311.7 barrer (134%) in a membrane containing 10%wt MIL-53.